Lessons for the 21st Century:
Vulnerability and Surprise, December 7,1941, and September 11, 2001
In September 2002, the Center for the Study of the Presidency and the U.S. Institute of Peace convened a colloquium, chaired by Ambassador Richard Solomon, on lessons learned from December 7, 1941, and September 11, 2001. It is now is apparent that the same rigid mindset that kept U.S. officials from anticipating Pearl Harbor and the Twin Towers also blocks our innovation in science and technology and inhibits our anticipation of financial crises at home and abroad. While we clearly need to cultivate the art of agile thinking, we also need to foster the creation of the structures and cultures that encourage us to think beyond the horizon.
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